(d)+Making+proteins



 ** T riplet? **

Triplets are the **coded instructions** or **"code words"** stored on one of the two strands of DNA molecules as a linear, non-overlapping sequence of 4 nitrogenous bases:

 * 1) Adenine (A)
 * 2) Guanine (G)
 * 3) Cytosine (C)
 * 4) Thymine (T)

Each triplet is a unique combination of 3 letters, written one after another along the length of the DNA strand. There are 64 possible forms of triplets from 4 alphabet letters.
**(Blamire, John)** ===W hat does each triplet code stand for? ===

Each of the 'code words' or triplets represents an amino acid in a protein. The triplet codes are like ingredient codes that are part of a recipe to 'cook' a protein - knowing all the amino acids involved, the cell knows what to order to make every protein that the DNA defines.

media type="youtube" key="Nmm6Pgh6Kl4" height="390" width="480" The video above shows the process of turning DNA into proteins. Note how the tRNA that is mentioned takes three bases and turns them into a protein. ===C an DNA leave the nucleus? ===

"DNA is housed inside the nucleus of a cell, and it cannot leave the nucleus (to avoid genetical damage). However, all the proteins are synthesized outside the nucleus, within the cytoplasm. This creates an immediate problem as how to get the instruction located on the DNA to the cytoplasm so the ribosomes can manufacture the protein.

DNA **CANNOT** simply leave the nucleus to reach the ribosomes. If the DNA were allow to exit out of the nucleous, and it was damaged within the cytoplasm, it would be rendered useless, resulting in the death of the cell, and possibly, death of the organism.

Example: the protein that helps the red blood cells carry oxygen. If suddenly, the production of those proteins are halted, there would be no more oxygen to the cells in the body. The cells would die out, lack of oxygen to the brain would cause dizzyness, coma, or even death depending on the amount of oxygen still available in the body. And the heart would be ordered to pump faster (for more oxygen), then eventually may lead to heart attack or heart failure. //So instead, the instructions are carried by another type of nucleic acid called messenger **RNA** (mRNA). The process of transcribing the specific gene on DNA and producing a mRNA is called the **Transcription**.// //The mRNA produced inside the nucleus then leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore, and transfers the messages to the ribosomes."//

===//P roduction of Proteins //=== Transcription __ mRNA is produced by copying the genetic information from one strand of the DNA double helix using the base pair rule. Different from the base pair rule used in DNA replication, in transcription, adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U) instead of thymine (T). This process is called transcription. Transcription occurred inside the nucleus. At the end of the process, mRNA is formed and leave the nucleus through the holes in the membrane, ready for the translation. __ Translation: Translation process is the process of making protein from mRNA. Translation started when mRNA leave nucleus and join with a small ribosomal subunit.tRNA then carries amino acid binds to a suitable codon sequence on the mRNA strand. A large ribosomal subunit join the small ribosomal subunit to form a functional ribosome, continue building up binding amino acids from each tRNA together. After amino acids from one tRNA bind with anothe, tRNA leaves ribosome, leave space for another tRNA to come in. With each tRNA c0mes in, the amino acids strand increases it length. The process end when ribosomes reaches the last termination codon in the mRNA strand, forming a 3D protein structure. After the process ends, ribosome separate into 2 ribosomal sunubits, ready to join again later.

===media type="youtube" key="PEDQoQuIhkg" height="390" width="480" === ===//S peed of the Process //=== Both transcription and translation process happen very fast. At the maximum speed, about 40 to 80 mRNA base pairs are produce each second in the transcription process and approximately 20 amino acids are produced per second.

media type="custom" key="9173242" align="center"

//**(Protein Synthesis)**// It is easy to get replication, transcription and translation and the myriad processes involving nucleic acids confused. Therefore, //__** Work Cited **__//
 * Summary:**
 * Replication makes a DNA copy, using DNA
 * Transcription makes mRNA, using DNA
 * Translation makes protein, using mRNA

//Blamire, John. "Genetic Code." Brooklyn College Web Site. 2000. Web. 25 Apr. 2011. <[]> //

//<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Dna. Dir. BLaNGone. YouTube. Google, 18 June 2006. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. []. //

//<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Making Proteins. Digital image. Dna Sequencing Service. 13 June 2010. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. []. //

//<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Protein Synthesis. Dir. J.R. Wanamaker. Learners TV. 2001. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. []. // //Pickering, W. R. "11.3 How the Code is Carried" Complete Biology. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000. 192-93. Print.//